Never Again Would Birds Song Be the Same

Phrase associated with the Holocaust and other genocides

"Never again" is a phrase or slogan which is associated with the Holocaust and other genocides. The phrase may originate from a 1927 poem by Yitzhak Lamdan which stated "Never again shall Masada autumn!" In the context of genocide, the slogan was used by liberated prisoners at Buchenwald concentration military camp to express anti-fascist sentiment. The exact meaning of the phrase is debated, including whether information technology should be used as a particularistic control to avert a second Holocaust of Jews or whether it is a universalist injunction to forbid all forms of genocide. Information technology was adopted as a slogan by Meir Kahane's Jewish Defense League.

The phrase is widely used by politicians and writers and information technology likewise appears on many Holocaust memorials. Information technology has also been appropriated equally a political slogan for other causes, from commemoration of the 1976 Argentine insurrection, the promotion of gun control or abortion rights, and as an injunction to fight against terrorism afterward the September eleven attacks.

Origins [edit]

During the liberation of Buchenwald, a sign states "Form the Antinazifront! Remember the Millions of victims Murdered by the Nazis / DEATH TO THE NAZI CRIMINALS"^[ane]

The slogan "Never again shall Masada fall!" is derived from a 1927 epic poem, Masada, by Yitzhak Lamdan.^{[ii] [3]} The poem is well-nigh the siege of Masada, in which a group of Jewish rebels (the Sicarii) held out against Roman armies and, co-ordinate to fable, committed mass suicide rather than exist captured. In Zionism, the story of Masada became a national myth and was lauded as an example of Jewish heroism. Considered ane of the about pregnant examples of early Yishuv literature, Masada achieved massive popularity amidst Zionists in the state of Israel and in the Jewish diaspora. Masada became a role of the official Hebrew curriculum and the slogan became an unofficial national motto.^[4] In postwar Israel, the beliefs of Jews during the Holocaust was unfavorably contrasted with the behavior of the defenders of Masada:^{[2] [3]} the old were denigrated for having gone "like sheep to the slaughter" while the latter were praised for their heroic and resolute fight.^[5]

Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its allies murdered about six million Jews in a genocide which became known as the Holocaust.^[6] The Nazi endeavor to implement their final solution to the Jewish question took place during World War Ii in Europe. The offset use of the phrase "never again" in the context of the Holocaust was in April 1945 when newly liberated survivors at Buchenwald concentration military camp displayed it in various languages on handmade signs.^{[vii] [eight]} Cultural studies scholars Diana I. Popescu and Tanja Schult write that at that place was initially a distinction betwixt political prisoners, who invoked "never again" every bit part of their fight against fascism, and Jewish survivors, whose imperative was to "never forget" their murdered relatives and destroyed communities. They write that the distinction has been blurred in the subsequent decades as the Holocaust was universalised.^[eight] According to the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1948 because "the international customs vowed never once again to allow" the atrocities of World State of war II, and the Genocide Convention was adopted the aforementioned year.^{[9] [10]} Eric Sundquist notes that "the founding of Israel was predicated on the injunction to recall a history of destruction—the destruction of two Temples, exile and pogroms, and the Holocaust—and to ensure that such events will never happen again".^[2] The slogan "never again" was used on Israeli kibbutzim by the end of the 1940s, and was used in the Swedish documentary Mein Kampf [de] in 1961.^[xi]

Definition [edit]

Never Again! A Program for Survival (1972)

According to Hans Kellner, "Unpacking the semantic contents of 'Never Again' would exist an enormous task. Suffice it to say that this phrase, despite its not-imperative form as a speech human activity, orders someone to resolve that something shall non happen for a second time. The someone, in the first example, is a Jew; the something is commonly called the Holocaust."^[12] Kellner suggests that information technology is related to the "biblical imperative of memory" (zakhor), in Deuteronomy 5:15, "And think that thou wast a servant in the land of Egypt, and that the Lord thy God brought thee out thence through a mighty hand and past a stretched out arm." (In the bible, this refers to remembering and keeping Shabbat).^[12] It is too closely related to the biblical command in Exodus 23:9: "You shall non oppress a stranger, for you know the feelings of the stranger, having yourselves been strangers in the country of Egypt."^[thirteen]

The initial significant of the phrase, used past Abba Kovner and other Holocaust survivors, was particular to the Jewish customs but the phrase'due south meaning was later on broadened to other genocides.^[13] It is still a matter of debate whether "Never again" refers primarily to Jews ("Never once more can we allow Jews to exist victims of another Holocaust") or whether it has a universal meaning ("Never once more shall the world let genocide to take identify anywhere against whatsoever grouping"). Yet, most politicians use information technology in the latter sense.^[vii] The phrase is used ordinarily in postwar High german politics, but it has different meanings. According to i interpretation, because Nazism was a synthesis of preexisting aspects of High german political idea and an extreme form of ethnic nationalism, all forms of German nationalism should exist rejected. Other politicians contend that the Nazis "misused" appeals to patriotism and that a new German identity should be congenital.^[14]

Writing about the phrase, Ellen Posman noted that "A by though often recent humiliation, and an accent on former victimhood, can lead to a communal want for a show of force that can easily plow vehement."^[15] Meir Kahane, a far-right rabbi, and his Jewish Defence force League popularized the phrase. To Kahane and his followers, "Never again" referred specifically to the Jews and its imperative to fight antisemitism was a phone call to artillery that justified terrorism against perceived enemies.^{[xi] [3] [sixteen]} The Jewish Defense League song included the passage "To our slaughtered brethren and lonely widows: / Never again volition our people's claret be shed by water, / Never again will such things exist heard in Judea." Afterward Kahane's decease in 1990, Sholom Comay, president of the American Jewish Committee, said "Despite our considerable differences, Meir Kahane must always be remembered for the slogan 'Never Once again,' which for so many became the battle cry of postal service-Holocaust Jewry."^[eleven]

Contemporary usage [edit]

Co-ordinate to Aaron Dorfman, "Since the Holocaust, the Jewish community's attitude toward preventing genocide has been summed up in the moral philosophy of 'Never Once again.'"^[xiii] What this meant was that the Jews would not allow themselves to be victimized.^[17] The phrase has been used in many official commemorations and appears on many Holocaust memorials and museums,^{[8] [2]} including memorials at Treblinka extermination camp^[2] and Dachau concentration camp,^[18] as well as in commemoration of the Rwanda genocide.^[19]

It is in wide utilize by Holocaust survivors, politicians, writers, and other commentators, who invoke it for a variety of purposes.^{[seven] [19]} In 2012, Elie Wiesel wrote: "'Never again' becomes more than a slogan: It'southward a prayer, a promise, a vow... never once more the glorification of base, ugly, night violence." The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum made the phrase, in its universal sense, the theme of its 2013 Days of Remembrance, urging people to look out for the "warning signs" of genocide.^[11]

In 2016, Samuel Totten suggested that the "one time powerful admonition [has] become a cliché" because it is repeatedly used even every bit genocides proceed to occur, and condemnation of genocide tends to but occur later on it is already over.^[7] For an increasing number of critics, the phrase has become empty and overused.^[8] Others, including Adama Dieng, take noted that genocide has continued to occur, not never again merely "fourth dimension and again" or "again and again" afterwards World War II.^{[9] [20] [21] [nineteen] [7] [17]} In 2020, several critics of the Chinese authorities used the phrase to refer to the perceived lack of international reaction to the Uyghur genocide.^{[22] [23] [24] [25]} On 1 March 2022, later on the Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Centre was hit past Russian missiles and shells during the battle of Kyiv, Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelenskyy argued that "never once more" means non beingness silent about Russia's assailment, lest history repeat itself.^[26]

Multiple United States presidents, including Jimmy Carter in 1979, Ronald Reagan in 1984, George H. West. Bush in 1991, Bill Clinton in 1993, and Barack Obama in 2011, have promised that the Holocaust would not happen once again, and that action would be forthcoming to terminate genocide.^{[19] [ix] [11]} Nevertheless, genocide occurred during their presidencies: Cambodia in Carter'due south instance, Anfal genocide during Reagan's presidency, Bosnia for Bush and Clinton, Rwanda nether Clinton, and Yazidi genocide for Obama.^{[27] [9]} Elie Wiesel wrote that if "never again" were upheld "there would be no Cambodia, and no Rwanda and no Darfur and no Bosnia."^[28] Totten argued that the phrase would merely recover its gravitas if "no i but those who are truly serious about preventing another Holocaust" invoked it.^[7]

Other uses [edit]

In Argentina, the phrase Nunca más (never more) is used in almanac commemorations of the 1976 Argentine insurrection, to emphasize continued opposition to military coups, dictatorship, and political violence, and a commitment to democracy and homo rights.^{[29] [30]} "Never again" has also been used in commemoration of Japanese American internment and the Chinese Exclusion Act.^[11]

Afterwards the September 11 attacks, President George W. Bush declared that terrorism would exist allowed to triumph "never over again". He referenced the phrase when defending the trial of not-citizens in military courts for terrorism-related offenses and mass surveillance policies adopted by his administration. Bush commented, "Foreign terrorists and agents must never again be immune to use our freedoms against us." His words echoed a spoken communication that his begetter had given afterwards winning the Gulf War: "never over again exist held hostage to the darker side of human nature".^[31]

The phrase has been used by political advocacy groups Never Again Activity, which opposes immigration detention in the United States, and past Never Once more MSD, a grouping that campaigns against gun violence in the wake of the Stoneman Douglas shooting.^{[11] [32]}

See as well [edit]

• Responsibility to protect
• The war to terminate war
• Never forget
• Lest we forget

References [edit]

1. ^ "A sign posted [probably in Buchenwald] that says, "Course the Antinazifront! Remember the Millions of victims Murdered by the Nazis/ DEATH TO THE NAZI CRIMINALS." - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". collections.ushmm.org. Archived from the original on four June 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
2. ^ ^{a b c d east} Sundquist, Eric J. (2009). Strangers in the Country: Blacks, Jews, Mail-Holocaust America. Harvard University Printing. p. 601. ISBN978-0-674-04414-2. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 19 Oct 2020.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Philologos (half-dozen May 2020). "What Is the Source of the Phrase "Never Once again"?". Mosaic Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
4. ^ Zerubavel, Yael (1995). Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition. University of Chicago Printing. pp. 69, 116, 258. ISBN978-0-226-98157-iv. Archived from the original on nine July 2021. Retrieved ten May 2020.
5. ^ Feldman, Yael South. (2013). ""Non as Sheep Led to Slaughter"? On Trauma, Selective Retention, and the Making of Historical Consciousness". Jewish Social Studies. xix (3): 139–169. doi:10.2979/jewisocistud.19.three.139. ISSN 0021-6704. JSTOR 10.2979/jewisocistud.19.iii.139. S2CID 162015828.
6. ^ "Introduction to the Holocaust". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United states Holocaust Memorial Museum. 12 March 2018. Archived from the original on eleven October 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
7. ^ ^{a b c d east f} Totten, Samuel (2016). "What Well-nigh "Other" Genocides? An Educator'south Dilemma or an Educator's Opportunity?". Essentials of Holocaust Teaching: Key Issues and Approaches. Routledge. p. 197. ISBN978-one-317-64808-six. Archived from the original on i February 2022. Retrieved nineteen Oct 2020.
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Popescu, Diana I.; Schult, Tanja (2019). "Performative Holocaust commemoration in the 21st century". Holocaust Studies. 26 (2): 135–136. doi:10.1080/17504902.2019.1578452.
9. ^ ^{a b c d} Power, Samantha (1998). "Never Once more: The World's Most Unfullfilled Promise | The World's Most Wanted Man". Frontline. PBS. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved vii May 2020.
10. ^ "Universal Declaration". United nations. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
11. ^ ^{a b c d e f yard} "How the Holocaust motto Never Over again became a rallying cry for gun control". Jewish Telegraphic Bureau. viii March 2018. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
12. ^ ^{a b} Kellner, Hans (1994). ""Never Once again" is Now". History and Theory. 33 (2): 127–128. doi:10.2307/2505381. ISSN 0018-2656. JSTOR 2505381.
13. ^ ^{a b c} Dorfman, Aaron. "Responding to Genocide". My Jewish Learning. Archived from the original on twenty Baronial 2016. Retrieved half dozen May 2020.
14. ^ Art, David (2005). The Politics of the Nazi Past in Germany and Republic of austria. Cambridge University Printing. p. 20. ISBN978-one-139-44883-3. Archived from the original on ix July 2021. Retrieved nineteen October 2020.
15. ^ Posman, Ellen (2011). "Introduction: Never Once again". In Murphy, Andrew R. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Faith and Violence. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-1-4443-9573-0. Archived from the original on 1 Feb 2022. Retrieved xix October 2020.
16. ^ School, Lee C. Bollinger Dean University of Michigan Law (1986). The Tolerant Social club. Oxford University Printing, The states. p. 274. ISBN978-0-19-802104-nine. Archived from the original on nine July 2021. Retrieved nineteen October 2020.
17. ^ ^{a b} Gubkin, Liora (2007). You Shall Tell Your Children: Holocaust Retentivity in American Passover Ritual. Rutgers University Press. p. 117. ISBN978-0-8135-4390-one. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
18. ^ Baer, Alejandro; Sznaider, Natan (2016). Memory and Forgetting in the Post-Holocaust Era: The Ethics of Never Again. Routledge. ISBN978-1-317-03375-ii. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
19. ^ ^{a b c d} Buettner, Angi (2016). "Never again: Rwanda, genocide, and the Holocaust". Holocaust Images and Picturing Catastrophe: The Cultural Politics of Seeing. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN978-1-351-93052-9. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved xix October 2020.
20. ^ "Genocide: "Never again" has become "time and again"". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 18 September 2018. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved half dozen May 2020.
21. ^ McCallum, Luke (half-dozen Apr 2019). "Publications". International Association of Genocide Scholars. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020. The twentieth century has been called "The Age of Genocide." In the aftermath of the Holocaust, the slogan "never again" was coined; withal since 1945 nosotros have seen the mass slaughter of Bengalis, Cambodians, Rwandans, Bosnians, Kosovars, and Darfuris, to name simply a few.
22. ^ Ibrahim, Azeem (3 December 2019). "China Must Answer for Cultural Genocide in Court". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 20 Jan 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
23. ^ Dolkun, Isa (fourteen September 2020). "Europe said 'never over again.' Why is it silent on Uighur genocide?". Politico. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved iii February 2021.
24. ^ Sartor, Nina (3 December 2020). ""Never Again" all once again". The Silhouette. Archived from the original on 7 Feb 2021. Retrieved iii February 2021.
25. ^ Kaye, Jonah (23 Baronial 2020). "Uyghur Camps And The Meaning Of 'Never Over again'". The Detroit Jewish News. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
26. ^ Harkov, Lahav (1 March 2022). "Russia strikes Babyn Yar Holocaust memorial site in Ukraine". The Jerusalem Postal service . Retrieved 1 March 2022.
27. ^ Fishel, Justin (17 March 2016). "ISIS Has Committed Genocide, Obama Assistants Declares". ABC News. Archived from the original on 10 Jan 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
28. ^ Rieff, David (1 Feb 2011). "The Persistence of Genocide". Hoover Institution. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved vi May 2020.
29. ^ Fernández Meijide, Graciela (24 March 2020). ""Nunca más", un compromiso vigente". Infobae (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
30. ^ "Día de la Memoria en Argentina: el necesario recuerdo de la dictadura". French republic 24. 24 March 2019. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
31. ^ Schneider, Rebecca (2006). "Never, Once again". In Hamera, Judith A. (ed.). The SAGE Handbook of Performance Studies. SAGE. p. 25. ISBN978-0-7619-2931-4. Archived from the original on one Feb 2022. Retrieved 19 Oct 2020.
32. ^ "Jews Protesting Detention Centers: Inside Never Again Activity". Jewish Journal. 17 July 2019. Archived from the original on 23 Apr 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.

External links [edit]

riceagettold.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again

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